POSTED 28 SEPTEMBER, 2005

What Are the Lord's Appointed Times?

by J.K. McKee
editor@tnnonline.net

When Believers come out of mainstream Christianity and into a more Biblical lifestyle, one of the first areas of Messianic observance that comes into play is that of the holidays. Messianic Believers do not participate in mainstream Christian holidays such as Christmas or Easter, but rather celebrate the Biblically-prescribed holidays of the Torah, which are first fully detailed in Leviticus 23. This can, unfortunately, be an area of high contention between Christians and Messianics, but when emphasized properly, we believe that celebrating the God-ordained appointed times of Scripture can be a great blessing—a blessing that many have missed out on.

Many Christians today are aware of the Messianic movement, but they are not really aware of what it stands for, or Messianic views relating to the Scriptures. Some Christians today, however, are fascinated by it, and such fascination often abounds in the area of the Biblical holidays.

A holiday, as we call it in English, is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as “A day on which custom or the law dictates a halt to ordinary business to commemorate or celebrate a particular event.” Another definition provided is very simply, “A holy day.” American holidays may include the Fourth of July or Independence Day, Memorial Day, Veteran’s Day, Flag Day, or Pearl Harbor Day. Each one of these days memorializes a particular event or group of people in American society. The same is true if we are citizens of God’s Kingdom.

As Believers in Messiah Yeshua, we have been made a part of the Commonwealth of Israel (Ephesians 2:11-12) or the Israel of God (Galatians 6:16). This does not just mean we are a part of Israel in some generic, detached way. Be we Jewish or non-Jewish, we are citizens of God’s Kingdom of Israel. The Father has prescribed particular times when we are to celebrate Him in which we remember events in the history of Ancient Israel, which in turn picture the plan of salvation and redemption through Messiah Yeshua. It is the heritage that we are called to take hold of in a very real and significant way.

In this article, we will briefly review what the Father’s appointed times of Leviticus 23 are, and their importance for us today.[1]

What does “appointed times” actually mean?

In the opening verses of Leviticus 23, we are told, “The Lord spoke again to Moses, saying, ‘Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, “The Lord’s appointed times which you shall proclaim as holy convocations—My appointed times are these”’” (vs. 1-2).

The Hebrew term for appointed time or “appointed festival” (ATS) is moed (d[Am), and its plural form is moedim (~yd[Am). It has a variety of meanings, including “appointed time, appointed place,” and “set feast or appointed season” (BDB).[2] It “is also the worshiping assembly of God’s people” and “may possibly be an early designation for the synagogue” (TWOT).[3] It is to be a special time between God’s people and Him. The ArtScroll Chumash remarks that “Moadim are the days which stand out from the other days of the year. They summon us from our everyday life to halt and to dedicate all our spiritual activities to them….The Moadim interrupt the ordinary activities of our life and give us the spirit, power, and consecration for the future by revivifying those ideals upon which our whole life is based, or they eradicate such evil consequences of past activity as are deadly to body and spirit and thus restore us to lost purity and the hope of blessing.”[4]

The “Tent of Meeting” where Moses and Aaron and the elders of Israel met the Lord in the wilderness is called the ohel moed (d[Am lha), which could be understood as the “tent of appointment.” Numbers 20:6 says, “Then Moses and Aaron came in from the presence of the assembly to the doorway of the tent of meeting and fell on their faces. Then the glory of the Lord appeared to them.” Using this as a frame of reference, if we truly want the glory of God to appear before us, then the importance of meeting Him when He wants—not just when we want to meet Him—cannot be overstated.

The term for “convocation” in Hebrew is miqra (arqm) and it specifically means, “convocation,” “assembly,” and a “reading (aloud)” (CHALOT).[5] It is derived from the verb qara (arq), one possible meaning of which is “recite from, read aloud from (book, scroll)” (CHALOT).[6] The appointed times call us together to remember what God has done for us in His Word, and recalls us to the heritage that we have going all the way back to the beginning.

Many Messianic Believers, especially those who place a high prophetic emphasis on the pattern of the Biblical appointments, define them as rehearsals. Certainly, when we celebrate the Biblical holidays we not only remember the historical events in the life of Ancient Israel such as the Passover and Exodus or the giving of the Ten Commandments, but we also recognize the prophetic fulfillment, both past and future, of Messiah Yeshua in them. We essentially “rehearse” what is to come, in preparation for the Messiah’s return.

The Apostle Paul writes in Colossians 2:17 that the Biblical appointments “are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance belongs to Christ” (ESV). The Greek word for substance is sōma (swma), and while it is translated as “body” in some Bibles (KJV, NKJV, LITV), “substance” is by far better. It is better because the true meaning of the moedim is found in Messiah Yeshua. The Biblical festivals paint a pattern of His First Coming and sacrifice for our sins at Golgotha (Calvary), and they portray how He will return at His Second Coming, gather the saints, defeat His enemies, and establish His Kingdom. And, we would point out that this prophetic pattern of the holidays is not just something believed by Messianics, either. It is notable that many Christians express an interest in the Biblical festivals for this very reason.

For those of us who celebrate these holidays, why do we do it? Certainly, the reasons are varied. Obeying and wanting to please the Lord at the times that He wants us to should top the list. We should “meet” Him when He wants to be met. He has specified throughout the Torah when He wants to be met and specific days that He wants us to consecrate unto Him. If we meet Him on these days and follow the simple instructions, He will reveal His presence to us. But if we do not and we believe in arrogance that we can meet at other times, what will happen? Will He still show up? Or, will those choosing not to celebrate His appointed times be left alone? These are serious questions we must consider.

The author of Hebrews tells us, “let us consider how to stimulate one another to love and good deeds, not forsaking our own assembling together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another; and all the more as you see the day drawing near” (Hebrews 10:24-25). What is this “assembling together” spoken of? The Greek episunagōgē (episunagwgh) means “a gathering or being gathered together” (LS).[7] AMG adds that “Thus it would have the meaning of not betraying one’s attachment to Jesus Christ and other believers, not avoiding one’s own personal responsibility as part of the body of Christ.”[8]

When we understand this in light of the Biblical holidays representing the pattern of Yeshua’s First and Second Comings, as we believe that the season of His return is probably approaching, we should not forsake the festivals of the Lord given to us in the Torah. We must realize that we are responsible to observe them, because they depict His redemptive plan for humanity, and most importantly the salvation message of Yeshua.

Shabbat: The First Appointed Time

“For six days work may be done, but on the seventh day there is a sabbath of complete rest, a holy convocation. You shall not do any work; it is a sabbath to the Lord in all your dwellings” (Leviticus 23:3).

The first appointed time that the Lord gives us is the Sabbath or Shabbat (tBv). It is the day of the week that God has made a holy convocation—a time for us to be in special fellowship with Him.

The precedent for Shabbat is established all the way back in Genesis 2:3: “Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made.” The Sabbath is a weekly reminder of who God is and a proclamation that He is indeed Creator and in control of the Earth. Because Shabbat is designated as being on the seventh day, it is a reminder to us as Believers, many of whom have been taught in the past that the Sabbath was either done away with or changed, that our Father indeed is the only One in control.

Every week in Jewish homes prayers are offered to the Lord on Shabbat that recognize He created the world, and rested after the six creative acts were complete. They proclaim that He is the Creator God and that He controls the universe. Consider the implications if all of us repeated that God gave us the Sabbath every week. We would recognize that the Sabbath is to be kept because there is indeed a God and we are His people. We would recognize our Creator’s Lordship above all others, and His control of the universe.

The Sabbath is the time when God rested from His work, and so it is to be for us as well. It is to be a time of physical abstention from labor and a separated convocation for us to spend time with Him. The need to rest in Him should have even more significance for us as Believers in Yeshua. We are told in Hebrews 4:9, “There remains therefore a Sabbath rest for the people of God.” But this Sabbath rest cannot be some generic rest where in our minds we claim to rest, but our bodies are still working. We must take a complete rest and spend the day focused on our Heavenly Father, our Messiah Yeshua, and the Scriptures. Paul writes in 1 Thessalonians 5:23, “Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you entirely; and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved complete, without blame at the coming of our Lord Yeshua the Messiah.” While body, soul, and spirit are three separate parts of our being, they are united and work together. God has commanded that we have a complete rest of our entire beings each week, not one of just our minds or spirits—but also our bodies.

There are many testimonies from Messianic Believers who missed out on these blessings in mainstream Christianity, and are now keeping the Sabbath. Many of you know the joy that Shabbat is, taking a complete day off and dedicating it entirely to the Lord and to fellow Believers. This is something that many have sadly not had. However, as many are diligently seeking God and asking Him to convict them of areas of their lives that need to be changed, many are being revealed the importance of Shabbat. Furthermore, it is even more important that many are being shown, because they are returning to the eternal truths of Scripture, that Shabbat is one of the moedim or appointed times. It is notable that while many Christian Bible teachers have written on the Biblical holidays, they commonly gloss over the Sabbath. Is this perhaps because they do not want Christians to consider Shabbat? If they were to write on the Sabbath as an appointed time, after all, is it possible some Christians will start asking questions and may even start to keep it? How important is it for today’s Believers to recapture a theology of “rest”?

Passover/Pesach

“In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at twilight is the Lord’s Passover” (Leviticus 23:5).

The second of the Biblical moedim that God prescribes is Pesach (xsP), or Passover. Of all the holidays, this is probably the one with which most Christians are familiar. Their familiarity with Passover is no doubt due to the fact that the Exodus of the Ancient Israelites from Egypt is one of the most important themes in the Bible, as it depicts the Holy One of Israel as the God of freedom, able to free us from slavery, but also as it depicts our Exodus as Believers from death in sin to renewed life in Yeshua. The Angel of Death would pass-over the homes of the Egyptians and if the blood of the lamb were not over the doorposts, the first-born would die. Using this typology in relation to our faith in the Messiah, if we do not have His blood covering us, then we will suffer the second death—eternal damnation.

Observance of Pesach in ancient times is specified for us in the Torah. Here are just some of the requirements:

1. Families were to sacrifice a blameless lamb for their household: “each man is to take a lamb for his family, one for each household” (Exodus 12:3, NIV).

2. The blood of the lamb was to be placed on the doorposts and lintel of the house: “Moreover, they shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat it” (Exodus 12:7).

3. When eating of the Passover lamb, families were to eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs: “They shall eat the flesh that same night, roasted with fire, and they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs” (Exodus 12:8).

4. Passover is to be observed for all of the generations of the Israelites: “It is a night to be observed for the Lord for having brought them out from the land of Egypt; this night is for the Lord, to be observed by all the sons of Israel throughout their generations” (Exodus 12:42).

Exodus 12:26-27 tells us, “when your children say to you, ‘What does this rite mean to you?’ you shall say, ‘It is a Passover sacrifice to the Lord who passed over the houses of the sons of Israel in Egypt when He smote the Egyptians, but spared our homes.’ And the people bowed low and worshiped.”

Passover was originally to be celebrated and remembered as a time when God showed His mighty power to the Egyptians and delivered His people into freedom. It is, in essence, Israel’s first national holiday. It is to be a special time when we are to honor our Heavenly Father for the deliverance of the Ancient Israelites from their slavery in Egypt, and how He spared the first born by the shed blood of the lambs. It is something that we are to pass on to our offspring so that they might remember the power of the God we serve. Hertz describes this in more detail:

“The children of successive generations are to be instructed at Passover as to the origin and significance of the Festival. In the Seder service on the first two nights of Passover, this command has found its solemn realization. In it we have history raised to religion. The youngest child present asks the Questions, which are answered by a recital of the events that culminated in the original institution of Passover. Education in the home is thus as old as the Hebrew people.”[9]

We must admire the tenacity of the Jewish people for instilling this. Hopefully, as non-Jewish Believers come to the realization that they too can take hold of Passover, they must follow the same model of instilling Scripture as all our history to our future generations—because as Messianic Believers in Yeshua, Passover has a greater significance and importance that many have missed.

Pesach has a great significance as it relates to the sacrifice of the Messiah for the forgiveness of our sins. Yeshua is the blameless Lamb of God. John the Immerser proclaimed, “Behold, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” (John 1:29), and the Apostle Peter wrote that we are covered “with precious blood, as of a lamb unblemished and spotless, the blood of Messiah” (1 Peter 1:19). Most important, the Apostle Paul tells us in 1 Corinthians 5:7, “For our Pesach lamb, the Messiah, has been sacrificed” (CJB).

Yeshua’s Last Supper meal was in actuality a Passover sedar, and this is recognized by many Christians today who are beginning to celebrate Passover in their churches. The Messiah told His Disciples, “I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer” (Luke 22:15). From this Last Supper is derived the common Christian practice of communion with the bread and the wine—although in its proper context the Lord’s Supper should be practiced with matzah or unleavened bread, not leavened bread, and probably only once a year during the sedar meal.

The Last Supper is recorded for us in Matthew 26:18-19; 26-28:

“And He said, ‘Go into the city to a certain man, and say to him, “The Teacher says, ‘My time is near; I am to keep the Passover at your house with My disciples.’”’ The disciples did as Yeshua had directed them; and they prepared the Passover...While they were eating, Yeshua took some bread, and after a blessing, He broke it and gave it to the disciples, and said, ‘Take, eat; this is My body.’ And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He gave it to them, saying, ‘Drink from it, all of you; for this is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for forgiveness of sins.’”

Celebrating Passover today should be a great time of remembrance and celebration for us as Messianic Believers, as well as a time of severity. We remember the Exodus from Egypt, and we remember the Last Supper and sacrifice of Yeshua on the cross for the remission of our sins. We remember the Passover in Egypt and compare it to what happened at Golgotha (Calvary). We see a great correlation of the Ancient Israelites being brought forth from bondage into freedom, and born again Believers being brought out of sin into forgiveness.

In addition to remembering Pesach for the events of the past, we also remember it for the future. Yeshua said, “‘for I say to you, I shall never again eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.’ And when He had taken a cup and given thanks, He said, ‘Take this and share it among yourselves; for I say to you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine from now on until the kingdom of God comes’” (Luke 22:16-18). We still recognize that there is a future Passover coming, when the cycle will be complete, being made perfect because the Messiah will be ruling and reigning from Jerusalem.

The Festival of Unleavened Bread/Chag HaMatzah

“Then on the fifteenth day of the same month there is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the Lord; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread. On the first day you shall have a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work. But for seven days you shall present an offering by fire to the Lord. On the seventh day is a holy convocation; you shall not do any laborious work” (Leviticus 23:6-8).

The Festival of Unleavened Bread is called Chag HaMatzah (tACMh gx) in Hebrew. This holiday was instituted so that the Ancient Israelites would remember eating the bread of haste that they had to prepare quickly as they left Egypt. There was no time to let the bread rise, so instead they were forced to eat it unleavened. Unleavened bread or matzah (hCm) was required to be eaten on the first night of Passover, and then was to be eaten for the week following:

“Now this day will be a memorial to you, and you shall celebrate it as a feast to the Lord; throughout your generations you are to celebrate it as a permanent ordinance. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, but on the first day you shall remove leaven from your houses; for whoever eats anything leavened from the first day until the seventh day, that person shall be cut off from Israel” (Exodus 12:14-15).

Deuteronomy 16:3 specifically tells us that the Ancient Israelites were to eat Unleavened Bread so that they would remember their affliction in Egypt: “You shall not eat leavened bread with it; seven days you shall eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction (for you came out of the land of Egypt in haste), so that you may remember all the days of your life the day when you came out of the land of Egypt.”

The Festival of Unleavened Bread is observed by removing all leavened items from one’s house. You are no doubt aware of the many “Kosher for Passover” items available during this time, as leavening items such as yeast have been removed from many products for use during the Passover season.

As Believers in the Messiah Yeshua, the Festival of Unleavened Bread takes on very important meaning for us. Hertz validly states that “Leaven is the symbol of corruption, passion and sin,”[10] which is exactly what Yeshua took upon Himself. The Messiah spoke of leaven in Matthew 16:6 when He said, “Watch out and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees,” in reference to some of their teachings which were non-Scriptural and were no doubt sinful.

The Apostle Paul emphasizes in 1 Corinthians 5:8, in relation to Passover, “Therefore let us celebrate the feast, not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth,” encouraging us that when we celebrate this holiday we are to get the leaven or sin out of our lives. During the Passover season we participate in Chag HaMatzah by eating unleavened bread for seven days and are reminded of Yeshua’s sacrifice for us, as He is the sinless, leaven-less, Bread of Life. Interestingly enough, Yeshua was born in Bethlehem or Beit-Lechem (~xl tyB), a name that means “House of Bread.”

As we observe Chag HaMatazah or the Feast of Unleavened Bread, we must be reminded of the prophecy of Isaiah 53:5: “But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes [chaburah (sing.), hrWBx] we are healed” (KJV). Many Messianics have validly compared this prophecy to the beatings of Yeshua, who was scourged and mocked and shamed for us (cf. Matthew 27:26-31; Mark 15:15-20). Those of you who have seen matzah know that it has “stripes” and small holes in it, and it is indeed “flat,” or leavenless. When we partake of matzah, it should hopefully remind us of the true Bread of Life, who is Messiah Yeshua. He was leavenless and without sin as the Bread of Life, and was the atonement for us by His sacrifice.

We remember the Feast of Unleavened Bread as a reminder of the Ancient Israelites’ trek from Egypt and the bread of haste that they had to eat. But we also observe this festival in remembrance of Messiah Yeshua, who came as the leaven-less, or sinless Lamb of God, who was beaten and bruised for us.

The Waving of the Sheaf

“Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, “When you enter the land which I am going to give to you and reap its harvest, then you shall bring in the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest. He shall wave the sheaf before the Lord for you to be accepted; on the day after the sabbath the priest shall wave it”’” (Leviticus 23:9-11).

This first fruits offering was commanded to be given in conjunction with the  Passover. Because there is no Temple any longer in which the priest can wave the omer (rm[) or sheaf, or present the proper offerings, its celebration was largely discontinued in Judaism after the Romans destroyed Jerusalem.[11] Leviticus 23:11-14 tells us the kinds of offerings God expects to have presented to Him at this time:

“He shall wave the sheaf before the Lord for you to be accepted; on the day after the sabbath the priest shall wave it. Now on the day when you wave the sheaf, you shall offer a male lamb one year old without defect for a burnt offering to the Lord. Its grain offering shall then be two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil, an offering by fire to the Lord for a soothing aroma, with its drink offering, a fourth of a hin of wine. Until this same day, until you have brought in the offering of your God, you shall eat neither bread nor roasted grain nor new growth. It is to be a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwelling places.”

Yeshua the Messiah fulfilled the typology of firstfruits via His resurrection. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15:17, “if Messiah has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins.” This was the time when the high priest or ha’kohen ha’gadol (lAdGh !hKh) would enter into the Temple and wave the first fruits of the harvest before the Lord. It is representative of Yeshua’s being raised for us as we know that He is the first fruits of those who have been raised from the dead:

“But the fact is that the Messiah has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have died” (1 Corinthians 15:20, CJB).

Pentecost/Shavuout

“You shall also count for yourselves from the day after the sabbath, from the day when you brought in the sheaf of the wave offering; there shall be seven complete Sabbaths [seven full weeks, RSV, NIV, CJB, ESV, et. al.]. You shall count fifty days to the day after the seventh sabbath; then you shall present a new grain offering to the Lord…On this same day you shall make a proclamation as well; you are to have a holy convocation. You shall do no laborious work. It is to be a perpetual statute in all your dwelling places throughout your generations” (Leviticus 23:15-16, 21).

Shavuot (tA[bv) is known to many by its Greek-derived name Pentecost or Pentēkostē (penthkosth), meaning “fiftieth.” Its Hebrew name is derived, however, from the plural form of shavua ([Wbv), which means “week,” in reference to the seven weeks that are to be counted to Shavuot. In Exodus 34:22, Shavuot is described as being the Feast of Weeks, as is to one “count seven weeks for yourself; you shall begin to count seven weeks from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain. Then you shall celebrate the Feast of Weeks to the Lord your God with a tribute of a freewill offering of your hand” (Deuteronomy 16:9-10a).[12]

Shavuot was originally intended to be an agricultural festival, where the first of the wheat harvest would be presented to the Lord as an offering. Leviticus 23:17-20 says,

“You shall bring in from your dwelling places two loaves of bread for a wave offering, made of two-tenths of an ephah; they shall be of a fine flour, baked with leaven as first fruits to the Lord. Along with the bread you shall present seven one year old male lambs without defect, and a bull of the herd and two rams; they are to be a burnt offering to the Lord, with their grain offering and their drink offerings, an offering by fire of a soothing aroma to the Lord. You shall also offer one male goat for a sin offering and two male lambs one year old for a sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall then wave them with the bread of the first fruits for a wave offering with two lambs before the Lord; they are to be holy to the Lord for the priest.”

Since the destruction of the Temple, however, additional importance was applied to Shavuot. Hertz indicates, “Jewish tradition…connects it with the Covenant on Mount Sinai, and speaks of the festival as…‘the Season of the Giving of our Torah’. The Israelites arrived at Sinai on the New Moon. On the second of the month, Moses ascended the mountain; on the third, he received the people’s reply; on the fourth, he made the second ascent and was commanded to institute three days of preparation, at the conclusion of which the Revelation took place. Hence its association with the Feast of Weeks, which became the Festival of Revelation.”[13]

H.M. Adler further comments, “With the destruction of the Second Temple, the agricultural aspect of the Festival receded, and Shavous became primarily the Feast of Revelation.”[14]

Shavuot, referred to here as the Feast of Revelation, is readily associated with God giving Moses the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai, which is certainly something worthy of celebration and convocation. The giving of the Ten Commandments, and indeed the entire Torah, is something that is monumental for all of mankind—arguably second to the resurrection of Messiah Yeshua!

However, the first Shavuot was not as glorious as we might make it out to be. While Moses was on the mountain receiving the commandments from God, the Israelites were forsaking Him and making themselves a golden calf. As we know the story all too well from Exodus 32, when Moses came down from the mountain, he smashed the tablets:

“It came about, as soon as Moses came near the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing; and Moses' anger burned, and he threw the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain. He took the calf which they had made and burned it with fire, and ground it to powder, and scattered it over the surface of the water and made the sons of Israel drink it” (Exodus 32:19-20).

A cry of war went out in the Israelite camp because of this grave and terrible sin. Moses called those loyal to God to his side and ordered that they slay those who were sinning:

“Now when Moses saw that the people were out of control—for Aaron had let them get out of control to be a derision among their enemies—then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, ‘Whoever is for the Lord, come to me!’ And all the sons of Levi gathered together to him. He said to them, ‘Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, “Every man of you put his sword upon his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate in the camp, and kill every man his brother, and every man his friend, and every man his neighbor.”’ So the sons of Levi did as Moses instructed, and about three thousand men of the people fell that day” (Exodus 32:25-28).

Three thousand Israelites were killed at this first Shavuot because they sinned against the Lord and worshipped an idol. However, thirteen hundred years later in Jerusalem, as Shavuot was required to be one of the three pilgrimage festivals (Deuteronomy 16:16), this holiday experienced some important prophetic fulfillment. At this time, the Apostle Peter proclaimed a riveting message to those assembled in Jerusalem:

“Men of Israel, listen to these words: Yeshua the Nazarene, a man attested to you by God with miracles and wonders and signs which God performed through Him in your midst, just as you yourselves know—this Man, delivered over by the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God, you nailed to a cross by the hands of godless men and put Him to death…Therefore let all the house of Israel know for certain that God has made Him both Lord and Messiah—this Yeshua whom you crucified” (Acts 2:22-23; 36).

Acts 2:41 tells us that “there were added about three thousand souls.” On the first Shavuot, or Pentecost as it is widely known, three thousand died because of their idolatry. Thirteen hundred years later, three thousand came to faith in the Messiah.

The Book of Acts tells us on this Shavuot, people believing in the Holy One of Israel from all over the known world came to gather in Jerusalem, both those who were observant Jews and proselytes (Acts 2:9-11). Contrary to popular belief, Peter did not proclaim to the crowds amassed the beginning of “the Church.” Rather, he proclaimed the good news and that Yeshua was both “Lord and Messiah” (Acts 2:36). Peter proclaimed that He was the promised Redeemer of Israel and that those assembled were to “Turn from sin, return to God, and each of you be immersed on the authority of Yeshua the Messiah into forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Ruach HaKodesh! For the promise is for you, for your children, and for those far away—as many as Adonai our God may call!” (Acts 2:38-39, CJB).[15]

The events at this Shavuot are extremely important for us to remember today. It was the time when the Holy Spirit came to the Believers: “And suddenly there came from heaven a noise like a violent rushing wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them tongues as of fire distributing themselves, and they rested on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit was giving them utterance” (Acts 2:2-4). Prior to this time, the Holy Spirit was only given to kings of Israel, prophets, and those specifically anointed by the Lord—but now, all who had faith in Yeshua were given the Spirit.

When we celebrate Shavuot now, there is much to be thankful for and to remember. We first remember the baked loaves and offerings that were to be presented to the Lord as a pleasurable aroma to Him. We then remember what we should consider to be the second most important event in our faith (the first being the Messiah’s resurrection): the giving of the Ten Commandments to Moses at Mount Sinai. And as Messianic Believers, we are reminded that on the Shavuot following the Messiah’s ascension into Heaven that the Holy Spirit was poured out and that many were saved.

The Day of Blowing/Yom Teruah

“Again the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, “In the seventh month on the first of the month you shall have a rest, a reminder by blowing of trumpets, a holy convocation. You shall not do any laborious work, but you shall present an offering by fire to the Lord”’” (Leviticus 23:23-25).

The first of the Fall moedim is known as Yom Teruah (h[WrT ~Ay) or the Day of Blowing, also commonly called the Feast of Trumpets. Teruah (h[WrT) means “shout or blast of war, alarm, or joy” (BDB).[16] All of these definitions play out on Yom Teruah, as we are commanded by God to have a holy convocation and enjoin ourselves to one another. It is to be a day of rest so that we might be properly called into a time of extreme holiness. In Judaism today, Yom Teruah is called Rosh HaShanah (hnvh var) and is celebrated as the Civil New Year, as according to tradition it was during this time of year that God created the world.

Yom Teruah has been honored in the past and is honored today as a holiday where we celebrate God and we celebrate the fact that we are His people and we can convene together. It is a time where the shofar (rpv) or ram’s horn is traditionally blown to commemorate the work of God. As Messianic Believers, we assemble to blow the shofar and shout and convene together.

Rosh HaShanah is a feast day that many Christians are familiar with. They are familiar with it because many prophecy teachers, both pre-tribulational and post-tribulational alike, believe that Yeshua will return on this day to gather the saints, because of the simple reason that the trumpet is blown on this day. They compare the trumpet blown on Yom Teruah to the trumpet blown in Second Coming passages such as Matthew 24:29-31, 1 Corinthians 15:51-52, and 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17. But contrary to popular belief, the Messiah will not gather the saints into the clouds on Yom Teruah and then return seven years later to judge the world at Yom Kippur. The saints are gathered to meet Him on Yom Teruah, and immediately following the wrath of God will be poured out on the world, culminating in the Battle of Armageddon.

What must we celebrate on Yom Teruah? Obviously, we must come together in a holy convocation and blow the shofar. We do this because the Lord is God and He is Ruler of the Universe. We blow and shout because Yeshua is the Messiah and Redeemer, and we praise Him for who He is and what He has done for us. We celebrate because we are God’s people and Yeshua is coming to fulfill the Fall feasts sometime in the future, and gather us into His presence at the blowing of the trumpet.

The Day of Atonement/Yom Kippur

“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘On exactly the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement; it shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall humble your souls and present an offering by fire to the Lord. You shall not do any work on this same day, for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement on your behalf before the Lord your God’” (Leviticus 23:26-28).

Just as many Christians are familiar with the Festival of Trumpets, many of the same are familiar with Yom Kippur (rWPK ~Ay) or the Day of Atonement. Yom Kippur is to be a day when we are commanded to “afflict” ourselves, usually by fasting, and by spending the day before God confessing our sins of the previous year and meditating on the future. The Day of Atonement was Biblically the only time when the high priest was permitted to go into the Holy of Holies and spread the sacrificial blood upon the Ark of the Covenant for covering the sin of the people. Following the Southern Kingdom’s exile to Babylon, Yom Kippur was considered the only appropriate time that God’s Divine Name was to be spoken aloud—and that was in the Temple alone.

As you are no doubt aware, Yom Kippur is the holiest day in Judaism. Hertz tells us “Confession of sin is the most essential and characteristic element in the services of the Day of Atonement; ‘every one entreating pardon for his sins and hoping for God’s mercy, not because of his own merits but through the compassionate nature of that Being who will have forgiveness rather than punishment’ (Philo). The confession is made by the whole Community collectively; and those who have not themselves committed the sins mentioned in the confession regret that they were unable to prevent them from being committed by others (Friedländer).”[17]

In recent days in the Christian community, there has been a substantial amount of discussion on the need for repentance and reconciliation with God. This is good. Many of these movements have some limited success for a season, but then fade away for some reason or another. The simple truth of the matter is that there is a Biblical time that this required corporate repentance and reconciliation with God is to take place—Yom Kippur. This is the day that the Body of Messiah is to entreat the Lord for mercy.

Furthermore, concerning Yom Kippur, Leviticus 23:29-30 says, “If there is any person who will not humble himself on this same day, he shall be cut off from his people. As for any person who does any work on this same day, that person I will destroy from among his people.” The severity of the Day of Atonement cannot be overemphasized here. Those who did not humble and afflict themselves and abstain from work would be cut off. The Hebrew verb is karat (trK), and generally means to be “cut off, cut down” (BDB).[18] Interestingly, the ArtScroll Chumash tells us “one who works on Yom Kippur, about whom the Torah says he will be destroyed, is judged more harshly than one who eats, about whom the Torah says only that he will be cut off. One who eats is treated more leniently, because he is merely a glutton who cannot control his desires, but one who works shows that he is contemptuous of God’s wishes.”[19]

As Believers in Messiah Yeshua, we need to learn to take Yom Kippur very seriously. The Day of Atonement is intended to be a very serious and sober time. It is to be a time when we are reminded of our humanity before a holy and righteous Creator. It is to be a time when we are to reflect and confess sin. As part of the Commonwealth of Israel, we each must be reminded that “No other nation, ancient or modern, has an institution approaching the Day of Atonement in religious depth—‘a day of purification and of turning from sins, for which forgiveness is granted through the grace of the merciful God, who holds penitence in as high as esteem as guiltlessness’ (Philo).”[20]

Sadly, it has been our observation that a few in the Messianic community do not take Yom Kippur as seriously as they should. Part of this comes because these Messianics still have extremely strong ties to mainstream Christianity, and thus as most Christians believe that because they have been forgiven of their sin through Yeshua, that it is unnecessary for us to ask forgiveness of sin again once we have been converted, and so they do not see any importance in Yom Kippur. This, I believe, is a very immature attitude because Paul writes quite plainly, “work out your salvation with fear and trembling” (Philippians 2:12). Yom Kippur is not just a day where we abstain from eating and the usual pleasures; it is to truly be the time where we are to stand in fear of an Eternal God. In no way are we to have a cavalier attitude about it where one is “counting down the hours” left before breaking the required fast of the day. Many of us have to learn to take our salvation more seriously—or at least fast and pray for the salvation of others.

As far as Yom Kippur’s eschatological fulfillment is concerned, a future Day of Atonement will probably be the time when the Day of the Lord occurs, that being the time when God’s wrath (Grk. orgē) is poured out upon the unsaved of Planet Earth and Yeshua defeats His enemies at Armageddon. This concept is readily emphasized in the Tanach:

“Wail, for the day of the Lord is near! It will come as destruction from the Almighty…Behold, the day of the Lord is coming, cruel, with fury and burning anger, to make the land a desolation; and He will exterminate its sinners from it…Therefore I will make the heavens tremble, and the earth will be shaken from its place at the fury of the Lord of hosts in the day of His burning anger” (Isaiah 13:6, 9, 13). We are told in Ezekiel 30:3: “For the day is near, even the day of the Lord is near; it will be a day of clouds, a time of doom for the nations.”

There are numerous other references in Scripture to this horrible time, each of which speaks of in some way “the day of the Lord’s anger” (Zephaniah 2:2). The prophetic fulfillment of Yom Kippur is probably best understood to represent this time period as the Day of Atonement is to be considered a very solemn, serious occasion between oneself and the Lord for reflection. Yom Kippur is to be a day of mourning and the Scriptures tell us that at Yeshua’s appearing to defeat His enemies “all the tribes of the earth will mourn” (Matthew 24:30; Revelation 1:7).

We Messianics must observe Yom Kippur each year by afflicting ourselves and standing in awe of a holy, righteous, and Eternal God. We must take this day very seriously and confess our sin before the Lord, claiming the blood of Messiah Yeshua, and dedicating ourselves to His service for the next year. All too often, on the Day of Atonement we are reminded of how human we are before our Creator and how much we must be humbled. It reminds us of His final judgment on mankind when many will say, “who shall be able to stand?” (Revelation 6:17, KJV).

Yom Kippur is to be a time of severity and it is an appropriate time for us to remember Yeshua’s triumph over sin, death, and Satan. It would be good for the Messianic community if we started emphasizing the events of the coming Day of the Lord at Yom Kippur as well, where we read the Scriptures of the judgment of the world that is prophesied—so that we might pray for the salvation of the lost:

“But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner's fire and like fullers' soap” (Malachi 3:2).

Tabernacles/Sukkot

“Again the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, “On the fifteenth of this seventh month is the Feast of Booths for seven days to the Lord. On the first day is a holy convocation; you shall do no laborious work of any kind. For seven days you shall present an offering by fire to the Lord. On the eighth day you shall have a holy convocation and present an offering by fire to the Lord; it is an assembly. You shall do no laborious work”’” (Leviticus 23:33-36).

Following Yom Kippur is Sukkot (tAKS) or the Feast of Booths, also called the Feast of Tabernacles. Leviticus 23:42-43 tells us that during Sukkot: “You shall live in booths for seven days; all the native-born in Israel shall live in booths, so that your generations may know that I had the sons of Israel live in booths when I brought them out from the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God.” This was to be in remembrance of the time when the Lord led the Ancient Israelites out of Egypt and when they would build sukkahs (pl. sukkot) or temporary dwelling places, described by Hertz as being “a hastily-constructed and unsubstantial edifice.”[21]

Sukkot, along with the Feast of Unleavened Bread and Shavuot, is one of the three pilgrimage festivals (Deuteronomy 16:16). Today, there are varying ways that Messianic Believers observe Sukkot. A few make the sincere effort to go to Israel and to Jerusalem during the feast and assemble with other Believers from all over the world. For those who are unable to go, which is most of us, many celebrations take place at local congregations where a congregational sukkah is built, usually from a wooden frame covered in palm branches or other “leafy” branches in remembrance of the temporary dwellings of the Israelites in the wilderness. Many choose to erect a sukkah in their back yards as they celebrate Sukkot with their families.

There is, of course, even more significance of Sukkot for us as Believers and its relation to prophecy and to Yeshua. In Exodus 25:8 the Lord tells us, “Let them construct a sanctuary for Me, that I may dwell among them.” This verse establishes the fundamental principle of Sukkot: God dwelling in the midst of human beings. We know that this element of our faith is realized fully in Messiah Yeshua, who “became flesh, and did tabernacle among us” (John 1:14, YLT). But at the same time, we eagerly cry out “Come quickly Lord Yeshua!” so that we might see Him manifested in all His glory here on Earth in His Kingdom.

In a similar manner as the Tabernacle and the booths were to be “temporary” dwelling places in the wilderness, so will the Messiah’s manifestation on Earth in His Kingdom after the Tribulation period be “temporary.” We emphasize “temporary” here because the Seventieth Week of Israel spiritually represents our trek from Egypt or this world to eternity. Yeshua’s Millennial Kingdom is but the “intermediate time” before we see the New Heavens and the New Earth and the New Jerusalem. We know this to be the case because in Jeremiah 31:38 when God restores Israel’s Kingdom, that “the city will be rebuilt for the Lord from the Tower of Hananel to the Corner Gate,” which occurs during the Millennium.

Sukkot is a time where we are to concentrate on our Heavenly Father and His earnest desire to live among us. When Yeshua physically returns to the Earth we will honor the Feast of Tabernacles. We notably point out that Zechariah 14:16-17 tells us that those who during the Millennium do not go to Jerusalem to honor the Feast of Tabernacles will not receive any rain from the Lord: “Then it will come about that any who are left of all the nations that went against Jerusalem will go up from year to year to worship the King, the Lord of hosts, and to celebrate the Feast of Booths. And it will be that whichever of the families of the earth does not go up to Jerusalem to worship the King, the Lord of hosts, there will be no rain on them.” For some reason or another, some will not understand the concept of communing with the Lord.

This festival will likewise experience prophetic fulfillment at the end of the Millennium as the Apostle John attests, “I heard a loud voice from the throne, saying, ‘Behold, the tabernacle of God is among men, and He will dwell among them, and they shall be His people, and God Himself will be among them, and He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and there will no longer be any death; there will no longer be any mourning, or crying, or pain; the first things have passed away’” (Revelation 21:3-4).

Sukkot or the Feast of Tabernacles is a wonderful holiday that the Lord is restoring to His people. Sukkot is a time where Messianic Believers are being drawn to the Lord and His desire to have our fellowship tabernacling with Him.

How do we honor the appointed times/moedim?

In this article, we have only briefly touched on each one of appointed times of the Lord. What we have tried to do here is explain the importance of each one of these celebrations for us as Messianic Believers, the restoration that God is bringing to us by us keeping them, and how Yeshua is reflected in each holiday. However, we recognize that just as many of us have come from mainstream Christianity had a different “Christian experience,” so too we recognize that each congregation, family, and individual will celebrate the moedim a little differently. Some people will have more of a “Jewish” flavor to their celebration than others, and some will choose to have as little “Jewishness” as possible.

There are many Jewish traditions associated with the moedim, many of which are good and edifying to the Body of Messiah. Then again, there are Jewish traditions associated with these holidays that are not Biblical. We trust that you will seek balance and fairness in this regard. We do not believe it is prudent at all to simply reject everything Jewish carte blanche, but then at the same time accept everything Jewish carte blanche either that may draw us away from the Messiah. If the Lord is truly reuniting all Israel, those things that the Synagogue has brought that are consistent with Scripture and spiritually uplifting should be practiced, and our Jewish brethren should be appropriately honored. But like all things, exhibit caution and discernment (cf. Philippians 4:8).

Ultimately, however you choose to celebrate the festivals of the Lord is up to you, but please leave leeway and grace for those who may not celebrate them exactly as you do. Let us remember that we are all on the road together and as humans we all fall short of God’s holy standard.

The Restoration of the Appointed Times in His Kingdom

We are very excited that God’s people are rediscovering His appointed times. It is a part of the prophesied “restoration of all things” (Acts 3:21) and return to the way that the Father originally intended. Once we start to celebrate His holidays, then we can adequately prepare ourselves for Yeshua’s coming Kingdom where the moedim will be restored. Concerning the Levites and the Messianic Age, we are told,

“Moreover, they shall teach My people the difference between the holy and the profane, and cause them to discern between the unclean and the clean. In a dispute they shall take their stand to judge; they shall judge it according to My ordinances. They shall also keep My laws and My statutes in all My appointed feasts and sanctify My sabbaths” (Ezekiel 44:23-24).

If we are to truly be ruling and reigning with the Messiah during the Millennium, it is high time we start becoming familiar with His appointed times—whether we be of the Levitical line or not.

Avoiding the Sin of Jeroboam

When the Kingdom of Israel divided into the Southern Kingdom of Judah and the Northern Kingdom of Israel/Ephraim, one of the first things that Jeroboam did as leader of the newly formed Northern Kingdom, was institute a counterfeit priesthood and counterfeit holidays for those prescribed by God in the Torah. Jeroboam did this to prevent reunification with the Southern Kingdom:

“So the king consulted, and made two golden calves, and he said to them, ‘It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem; behold your gods, O Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt.’ He set one in Bethel, and the other he put in Dan. Now this thing became a sin, for the people went to worship before the one as far as Dan. And he made houses on high places, and made priests from among all the people who were not of the sons of Levi. Jeroboam instituted a feast in the eighth month on the fifteenth day of the month, like the feast which is in Judah, and he went up to the altar; thus he did in Bethel, sacrificing to the calves which he had made. And he stationed in Bethel the priests of the high places which he had made. Then he went up to the altar which he had made in Bethel on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised in his own heart; and he instituted a feast for the sons of Israel and went up to the altar to burn incense” (1 Kings 12:28-33).

Consequently, if there is anything that is keeping Israel divided today it is the Lord’s moedim. A true return to the Torah and to the ways of God by the returning House of Israel/Ephraim as is prophesied will involve a return to His festivals and appointed times. When all Israel is restored, all of God’s people will be keeping the appointed times. But there are those who still wish to fall into the errors of Jeroboam. Author Tim Warner of The Last Trumpet website, an antinomian Christian, says the following in his article “Christians, and the Feasts of Israel”:

“Lets [sic] get one thing straight right up front. Keeping the Feasts according to the Torah requires offering animal sacrifices. There is no avoiding this conclusion. And, any changes to the festivals by rabbis to accommodate the fact that there is no longer a Tabernacle/Temple or Levitical priesthood, or, any changes by Messianic Christians to accommodate the fact that the New Testament says Christ’s sacrifice has ended the animal sacrifices, makes it impossible to observe these feasts according to the Torah.”[22]

Warner is absolutely correct in saying that we cannot perfectly observe the appointed times according to the Torah. The moedim do require animal sacrifices, and because there is no Temple in which to perform these sacrifices, we cannot keep them one-hundred percent correctly. But what is most of Christianity’s response to this? They reject the celebration of the Lord’s appointed times entirely. Warner might be a slight exception when he says, “Does this mean the Feasts of Israel are of no value anymore? Quite the contrary. They are still witnesses to the gospel, in graphic allegory. They are rich in symbolism, and should be studied by all Christians, for a fuller understanding of the atonement of Christ, and how it relates to prophecy.”[23] But, he also says, “Should Christians observe the Feasts? Yes, and no. Yes, if it is being done simply as a memorial, and instruction on the basis of our faith. No, if it done out of obligation or necessity.”[24]

If you can read between the lines of these statements, many Christians are opposed to any “mandatory” memorial of God’s appointed times being observed by born again Believers. Sadly, these people fall right back into the trap of Jeroboam. The idea that is really being purported here is that because we cannot perfectly observe the Lord’s festivals of Leviticus 23, because they require animal sacrifices that cannot be offered, is that we will not keep them in any capacity at all. While it is true that the Jewish Rabbis over the centuries have added traditions to the holidays to compensate for the required animal sacrifices, Christianity by-and-large has decided to totally dispense with the Father’s appointed times. And which is worse: to augment your celebration and do the best that you can given your circumstances—recognizing that God is indeed gracious? Or, deciding to replace what He has ordained with something totally different and do what you want ignoring Him? This, sadly, is what Christianity has done. Judaism, aside from all its errors, at least has been trying to honor God.

But this will not stop all Christians from speaking against the Lord’s appointments. Consider the following Scripture:

“‘What are your multiplied sacrifices to Me?’ says the Lord. ‘I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed cattle; and I take no pleasure in the blood of bulls, lambs or goats. When you come to appear before Me, who requires of you this trampling of My courts? Bring your worthless offerings no longer, incense is an abomination to Me. New moon and sabbath, the calling of assemblies—I cannot endure iniquity and the solemn assembly. I hate your new moon festivals and your appointed feasts, they have become a burden to Me; I am weary of bearing them. So when you spread out your hands in prayer, I will hide My eyes from you; yes, even though you multiply prayers, I will not listen. Your hands are covered with blood. Wash yourselves, make yourselves clean; remove the evil of your deeds from My sight. Cease to do evil, learn to do good; seek justice, reprove the ruthless, defend the orphan, plead for the widow” (Isaiah 1:11-17).

Many of you who have read this text know how it has been misapplied. Here the Lord speaks how He is displeased with how the Southern Kingdom of Judah has been celebrating His feasts and appointments. He specifically says “I hate all your festivals and sacrifices. I cannot stand the sight of them!” (Isaiah 1:14, NLT). Many Christians have interpreted this as meaning that the Lord was tired with His feast days and wanted to get rid of them, but this is not what the text says at all. The text specifically says “I hate your new moon festivals and your appointed feasts.” Specifically, what God is saying is that He cannot stand how the people are celebrating His feasts, and He calls them “your New Moons and your appointed times” (ATS), putting the responsibility on the people.[25] This understanding is even validated by John A. Martin in the Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, edited by dispensational theologians John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck of Dallas Theological Seminary:

“Isaiah’s point is that the people assumed that merely by offering sacrifices at the altar they would be made ceremonially clean before God. Even multiple sacrifices are meaningless (v. 13) and therefore do not please God when the ‘worshiper’ does not bring his life into conformity with God’s standards. Also the careful observance of monthly offerings…were meaningless to God when they were not done with the proper attitude….Such observances God called evil because they were carried out hypocritically, with sinful hearts.”[26]

Indeed, if our observance is not from the heart, and is only outward, then our celebration of the appointed times is meaningless. Sadly, there are Messianics who fit this category all too well. But then in total fairness, there are Christians who celebrate non-Biblical holidays and festivals—rejecting His appointed times, thinking they are honoring the Lord. Are they truly honoring Him by rejecting what He has laid out in His Word? Thankfully, He is the One who knows the heart, and the ultimate determination is up to Him and not any of us.

We have the task of repairing the sin of Jeroboam who instituted replacement holidays for our Father’s appointed times. If all Israel is truly being restored in our day, then we need to return to the Heavenly Father’s moedim and honor these holidays, both outwardly in our congregations and assemblies, and inwardly in our hearts because we have a sincere desire to obey Him. We need to understand His plan of salvation history in a more profound way.

J.K. McKee (B.A., University of Oklahoma; M.A. Student, Asbury Theological Seminary) is the editor of TNN Online (www.tnnonline.net) and is a Messianic apologist. He is author of several books, including: The New Testament Validates Torah, Torah In the Balance, Volume I, and When Will the Messiah Return?. He has also written many articles on the Two Houses of Israel and Biblical theology, and is presently focusing on Messianic commentaries on various books of the Bible.

NOTES